Kwinkulungwane yeminyaka yokuthanda i-carbon peak kunye nokungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni, amazwe kwihlabathi liphela ajonge ngenkuthalo isizukulwana esilandelayo sobuchwephesha bamandla, kunye nohlaza.ammoniaiya isiba yingqwalasela yehlabathi kutsha nje. Xa kuthelekiswa ne-hydrogen, i-ammonia iyanda ukusuka kweyona ntsimi yesichumiso yezolimo yemveli ukuya kwindawo yamandla ngenxa yeenzuzo zayo ezicacileyo zokugcina nokuthutha.

UFaria, ingcali kwiYunivesithi yaseTwente eNetherlands, wathi ngokunyuka kwamaxabiso ekhabhoni, i-ammonia eluhlaza inokuba yinkosi yexesha elizayo lamafutha olwelo.

Ke, yintoni kanye kanye i-ammonia eluhlaza? Sithini isimo sayo sophuhliso? Zeziphi iimeko zesicelo? Ngaba inoqoqosho?

I-ammonia eluhlaza kunye nesimo sayo sophuhliso

I-Hydrogen yeyona nto iphambili ekrwadaammoniaimveliso. Ke ngoko, ngokweendlela ezahlukeneyo zokukhutshwa kwekhabhoni kwinkqubo yokuvelisa i-hydrogen, i-ammonia inokwahlulwa ibe ngamacandelo amane alandelayo ngombala:

Ngwevuammonia: Yenziwe kumandla efosili yemveli (igesi yendalo namalahle).

I-ammonia eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka: I-hydrogen ekrwada itsalwa kumafutha efosili, kodwa ukubanjwa kwekhabhoni kunye nokugcina iteknoloji isetyenziswa kwinkqubo yokusulungekiswa.

I-ammonia eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka: Inkqubo ye-methane pyrolysis ibola imethane ibe yi-hydrogen kunye nekhabhoni. Ihydrogen efunyenwe kwinkqubo isetyenziswa njengemathiriyeli ekrwada ukuvelisa iammonia kusetyenziswa umbane oluhlaza.

I-ammonia eluhlaza: Umbane oluhlaza oveliswa ngamandla ahlaziyekayo afana nomoya kunye namandla elanga asetyenziselwa ukwenza i-electrolyze amanzi ukuvelisa i-hydrogen, emva koko i-ammonia idityaniswe kwinitrogen kunye ne-hydrogen emoyeni.

Ngenxa yokuba i-ammonia eluhlaza ivelisa i-nitrogen kunye namanzi emva kokutsha, kwaye ingavelisi i-carbon dioxide, i-ammonia eluhlaza ithathwa njenge-fuel "zero-carbon" kunye nenye yemithombo ebalulekileyo yamandla acocekileyo kwixesha elizayo.

Umhlaba oluhlazaammoniaimarike isekwisiqalo. Ngokwembono yehlabathi, ubungakanani bemalike yeammonia eluhlaza imalunga ne-US$36 yezigidi ngo-2021 kwaye kulindeleke ukuba ifikelele kwi-5.48 yeebhiliyoni zeedola zaseMelika ngo-2030, kunye nomndilili wokukhula komndilili wonyaka we-74.8%, enesakhono esikhulu. I-Yundao Capital iqikelela ukuba imveliso yonyaka yehlabathi ye-ammonia eluhlaza iya kudlula i-20 yezigidi zeetoni ngo-2030 kwaye idlule i-560 yezigidi zeetoni ngo-2050, ibala ngaphezu kwe-80% yemveliso ye-ammonia yehlabathi.

Ukusukela ngoSeptemba ka-2023, ngaphezu kwe-60 yeeprojekthi ze-ammonia eluhlaza zithunyelwe kwihlabathi jikelele, kunye nomthamo ocwangcisiweyo wemveliso ongaphezulu kweetoni zezigidi ezingama-35 ngonyaka. Iiprojekthi zeammonia zaphesheya zisasazwa ikakhulu eOstreliya, eMzantsi Melika, eYurophu nakuMbindi Mpuma.

Ukusukela ngo-2024, ishishini lasekhaya le-ammonia e-China liye lakhula ngokukhawuleza. Ngokwezibalo ezingaphelelanga, ukususela ngo-2024, iiprojekthi ezingaphezu kwe-20 ze-hydrogen ammonia eluhlaza ziye zakhuthazwa. Iqela leTekhnoloji ye-Envision, i-China Energy Construction, i-State Power Investment Corporation, i-State Energy Group, njl. baye batyala imali ephantse ibe yi-200 yeebhiliyoni zeeyuan ekukhuthazeni iiprojekthi ze-ammonia eziluhlaza, eziza kukhupha umthamo omkhulu wokuvelisa i-ammonia eluhlaza kwixesha elizayo.

Iimeko zokusetyenziswa kwe-ammonia eluhlaza

Njengamandla acocekileyo, i-ammonia eluhlaza ineendlela ezahlukeneyo zokusetyenziswa kwixesha elizayo. Ukongeza kusetyenziso lwemveli lwezolimo kunye nezoshishino, lukwabandakanya ukudibanisa ukuveliswa kwamandla, ukuhambisa amafutha, ukulungiswa kwekhabhoni, ukugcinwa kwe-hydrogen kunye nezinye iindawo.

1. Ishishini lokuthumela ngenqanawa

Ukukhutshwa kwekharbhon diokside kwiinqanawa ze-3% ukuya kwi-4% yokukhutshwa kwekharbon dioxide yehlabathi. Ngo-2018, i-International Maritime Organisation yamkele isicwangciso sokuqala sokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwegesi ye-greenhouse, iphakamisa ukuba ngo-2030, ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni yokuthunyelwa kwehlabathi jikelele kuya kuncitshiswa ubuncinane nge-40% xa kuthelekiswa ne-2008, kwaye sizame ukunciphisa nge-70% ngo-2050. ukufezekisa ukuncipha kwekhabhoni kunye ne-decarbonization kwishishini lokuthumela, amafutha acocekileyo athatha indawo yamandla efosili yeyona ndlela ithembisayo yobugcisa.

Ngokuqhelekileyo kukholelwa kwishishini lokuthumela ukuba i-ammonia eluhlaza yenye yezona zinto ziphambili zokutshisa i-decarbonization kwishishini lokuthumela ngenqanawa kwixesha elizayo.

IRejista kaLloyd yokuThumela ngenqanawe yakha yaqikelela ukuba phakathi kuka-2030 no-2050, umlinganiselo we-ammonia njengamafutha enqanawa uya kunyuka ukusuka kwi-7% ukuya kwi-20%, ithathela indawo irhasi yendalo enyibilikisiweyo kunye namanye amafutha ukuze ibe yeyona nto ibalulekileyo yokuthumela amafutha.

2. Ishishini lokuvelisa amandla

I-Amoniyaukutsha akuvelisi i-CO2, kwaye ukutsha okuxutyiweyo kwe-ammonia kunokusebenzisa izibonelelo zeplanti yamandla ekhoyo ngamalahle ngaphandle kohlengahlengiso olukhulu kumzimba webhoyila. Linyathelo elisebenzayo lokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwekharbon diokside kwimizi-mveliso yamandla ebaselwa ngamalahle.

NgoJulayi 15, iKomishoni yoPhuhliso kunye noHlaziyo lweSizwe kunye noLawulo lweSizwe lwaMandla lukhuphe "iSicwangciso sokuSebenza soTshintsho lwekhabhoni ephantsi kunye noLwakhiwo lwaMandla amalahle (2024-2027)", olucebise ukuba emva kokuguqulwa nokwakhiwa, iiyunithi zamandla amalahle kufuneka zibe nazo. ukukwazi ukudibanisa ngaphezu kwe-10% ye-ammonia eluhlaza kunye nokutshisa amalahle. Amanqanaba okusetyenziswa kunye nokukhutshwa kwekhabhoni ancitshiswa kakhulu. Ingabonwa ukuba ukuxuba i-ammonia okanye i-ammonia ecocekileyo kwiiyunithi zamandla okushisa ngumgaqo obalulekileyo wobugcisa bokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni kwintsimi yokuvelisa amandla.

IJapan ngumxhasi ophambili wokwenziwa kombane odityanisiweyo we-ammonia. I-Japan yaqulunqa i-"2021-2050 Japan Ammonia Fuel Roadmap" kwi-2021, kwaye iya kugqiba ukubonakaliswa kunye nokuqinisekiswa kwe-20% ye-ammonia edibeneyo ye-fuel kwizityalo zamandla ashushu ngo-2025; njengoko iteknoloji edityanisiweyo ye-ammonia ikhula, lo mlinganiso uya kunyuka ukuya ngaphezu kwe-50%; malunga no-2040, indawo yokuvelisa amandla e-ammonia ecocekileyo iya kwakhiwa.

3. Isithwala i-hydrogen yokugcina

I-ammonia isetyenziswa njenge-hydrogen yokugcina i-hydrogen, kwaye idinga ukuhamba kwiinkqubo ze-ammonia synthesis, i-liquefaction, ukuthutha, kunye nokukhupha kwakhona i-hydrogen yegesi. Yonke inkqubo yokuguqulwa kwe-ammonia-hydrogen ikhulile.

Okwangoku, kukho iindlela ezintandathu eziphambili zokugcina i-hydrogen kunye nokuthutha: ukugcinwa kwe-cylinder yoxinzelelo oluphezulu kunye nokuthuthwa, umbhobho we-gaseous pressurized transportation, ubushushu obuphantsi be-hydrogen yokugcina ulwelo kunye nokuthutha, ukugcinwa kwe-liquid organic kunye nokuthutha, ukugcinwa kwe-ammonia yolwelo kunye nokuthutha, kunye nesinyithi. ukugcinwa kwe-hydrogen eqinileyo kunye nokuthutha. Phakathi kwazo, ukugcinwa kwe-ammonia yolwelo kunye nokuthuthwa kukukhupha i-hydrogen ngokusebenzisa i-ammonia synthesis, i-liquefaction, ukuthutha, kunye nokuphinda kufakwe kwakhona. I-ammonia yenziwe ulwelo ku -33°C okanye 1MPa. Iindleko ze-hydrogenation / dehydrogenation akhawunti ngaphezu kwe-85%. Ayinabungozi kumgama wothutho kwaye ifanelekile ukugcinwa komgama ophakathi kunye nobude kunye nokuthuthwa kwe-hydrogen eninzi, ngakumbi ukuthuthwa kolwandle. Yenye yeendlela ezithembisayo zokugcina i-hydrogen kunye nokuthutha kwixesha elizayo.

4. Imichiza ekrwada

Njengesichumiso esinokubakho senitrogen eluhlaza kunye neyona nto iphambili ekrwada yeekhemikhali eziluhlaza, eluhlazaammoniaiya kukhuthaza ngamandla uphuhliso olukhawulezayo "i-ammonia eluhlaza + isichumiso esiluhlaza" kunye "nemichiza ye-ammonia eluhlaza" yamatyathanga oshishino.

Xa kuthelekiswa ne-synthetic ammonia eyenziwe kumandla efosili, kulindeleke ukuba i-ammonia eluhlaza ayinakukwazi ukwenza ukhuphiswano olusebenzayo njengemichiza ekrwada ngaphambi kwe2035.