Kwixesha elide leminyaka lokuthanda i-carbon peak kunye nokungathathi cala kwe-carbon, amazwe kwihlabathi liphela ajonge ngenkuthalo isizukulwana esilandelayo setekhnoloji yamandla, kunye nohlazai-ammoniaI-ammonia isanda ukusuka kwintsimi yesichumiso sezolimo esiqhelekileyo ukuya kwintsimi yamandla ngenxa yeenzuzo zayo ezicacileyo zokugcina nokuthutha.

UFaria, ingcali kwiYunivesithi yaseTwente eNetherlands, uthe ngokunyuka kwamaxabiso ekhabhoni, i-ammonia eluhlaza isenokuba yinkosi yekamva yamafutha angamanzi.

Ngoko ke, yintoni kanye kanye i-ammonia eluhlaza? Injani imeko yayo yophuhliso? Zithini iimeko zokusetyenziswa kwayo? Ngaba iyonga imali?

I-ammonia eluhlaza kunye nemeko yayo yophuhliso

I-hydrogen yeyona nto iphambili ekrwadai-ammoniaimveliso. Ke ngoko, ngokweendlela ezahlukeneyo zokukhupha ikhabhoni kwinkqubo yokuvelisa ihydrogen, i-ammonia inokwahlulwahlulwa ibe ziindidi ezine ezilandelayo ngombala:

Ngwevui-ammonia: Yenziwe ngamandla emveli efosili (igesi yendalo kunye namalahle).

I-ammonia eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka: I-hydrogen eluhlaza ikhutshwa kwi-fossil fuels, kodwa iteknoloji yokubamba nokugcina ikhabhoni isetyenziswa kwinkqubo yokucoca.

I-ammonia eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka: Inkqubo ye-methane pyrolysis ibolisa i-methane ibe yi-hydrogen kunye ne-carbon. I-hydrogen efunyenweyo kule nkqubo isetyenziswa njengezinto zokwenza i-ammonia kusetyenziswa umbane oluhlaza.

I-ammonia eluhlaza: Umbane oluhlaza oveliswa ngamandla ahlaziyekayo afana nomoya kunye namandla elanga usetyenziselwa ukwenza amanzi abe yi-electrolyze ukuze kuveliswe i-hydrogen, uze emva koko i-ammonia yenziwe nge-nitrogen kunye ne-hydrogen emoyeni.

Ngenxa yokuba i-ammonia eluhlaza ivelisa i-nitrogen namanzi emva kokutsha, kwaye ayivelisi i-carbon dioxide, i-ammonia eluhlaza ithathwa njenge-fuel "engena-carbon" kwaye yenye yemithombo yamandla acocekileyo ebalulekileyo kwixesha elizayo.

Uluhlaza lwehlabathii-ammoniaImarike isesencinci. Ngokwembono yehlabathi, ubungakanani bemarike ye-ammonia eluhlaza bumalunga ne-US$36 yezigidi ngo-2021 kwaye kulindeleke ukuba ifikelele kwi-US$5.48 yezigidigidi ngo-2030, kunye nesantya sokukhula kwe-compound yonyaka esiphakathi se-74.8%, esinokubakho okukhulu. I-Yundao Capital iqikelela ukuba imveliso yonyaka ye-ammonia eluhlaza iya kudlula kwiitoni ezingama-20 ezigidi ngo-2030 kwaye idlule kwiitoni ezingama-560 ezigidi ngo-2050, ebangela ngaphezulu kwe-80% yemveliso ye-ammonia yehlabathi.

Ukusukela ngoSeptemba 2023, iiprojekthi ze-ammonia eluhlaza ezingaphezu kwama-60 ziye zathunyelwa kwihlabathi liphela, kunye nomthamo wemveliso ocwangcisiweyo ongaphezulu kweetoni ezingama-35 ezigidi ngonyaka. Iiprojekthi ze-ammonia eluhlaza zaphesheya zisasazwa kakhulu e-Australia, eMzantsi Melika, eYurophu nakuMbindi Mpuma.

Ukususela ngo-2024, ishishini le-ammonia eluhlaza yasekhaya eTshayina liphuhlile ngokukhawuleza. Ngokwezibalo ezingaphelelanga, ukususela ngo-2024, iiprojekthi ze-hydrogen ammonia eluhlaza ezingaphezu kwama-20 ziye zakhuthazwa. I-Envision Technology Group, i-China Energy Construction, i-State Power Investment Corporation, i-State Energy Group, njl. zityale imali ephantse ibe yi-200 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi ekukhuthazeni iiprojekthi ze-ammonia eluhlaza, eziya kukhupha inani elikhulu lamandla okuvelisa i-ammonia eluhlaza kwixesha elizayo.

Iimeko zokusetyenziswa kwe-ammonia eluhlaza

Njengamandla acocekileyo, i-ammonia eluhlaza ineendlela ezahlukeneyo zokusetyenziswa kwixesha elizayo. Ukongeza kwiindlela zemveli zokusetyenziswa kwezolimo nemizi-mveliso, ikwabandakanya ukuxuba umbane, ukuhambisa amafutha, ukufakelwa kwekhabhoni, ukugcinwa kwehydrogen kunye nezinye iindawo.

1. Ishishini lokuthumela ngenqanawa

Ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni diokside kwimikhumbi kuchaphazela i-3% ukuya kwi-4% yokukhutshwa kwekhabhoni diokside kwihlabathi liphela. Ngo-2018, i-International Maritime Organisation yamkele isicwangciso sokuqala sokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwegesi ezingcolisa umoya, icebisa ukuba ngo-2030, ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni kwiinqanawa zehlabathi kuya kuncitshiswa ubuncinane ngama-40% xa kuthelekiswa no-2008, kwaye izame ukunciphisa ngama-70% ngo-2050. Ukuze kufezekiswe ukunciphisa ikhabhoni kunye nokususa i-carbonization kwishishini lokuthumela, amafutha acocekileyo athatha indawo yamandla efosili yeyona ndlela yobugcisa ithembisayo.

Ngokwesiqhelo kushishino lokuthutha impahla, i-ammonia eluhlaza yenye yezona zinto ziphambili ezibangela ukuba i-carbonization ingasebenzi kakuhle kushishino lokuthutha impahla kwixesha elizayo.

IRejista yoThutho lukaLloyd yakha yaxela kwangaphambili ukuba phakathi kowama-2030 nowama-2050, umlinganiselo we-ammonia njengepetroli yokuthutha uya kunyuka ukusuka kwi-7% ukuya kwi-20%, uthabathe indawo yegesi yendalo enyibilikisiweyo kunye nezinye amafutha ukuze abe yipetroli yokuthutha ebaluleke kakhulu.

2. Ishishini lokuvelisa umbane

I-AmoniyaUkutsha akuvelisanga i-CO2, kwaye ukutsha okuxutywe ne-ammonia kunokusebenzisa izixhobo zamandla ezikhoyo ezisebenzisa amalahle ngaphandle kotshintsho olukhulu emzimbeni webhoyila. Linyathelo elisebenzayo lokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwe-carbon dioxide kwizityalo zamandla ezisebenzisa amalahle.

Ngomhla we-15 kweyeKhala, iKhomishini yoPhuhliso noHlaziyo lweSizwe kunye noLawulo lweMandla eSizwe bakhuphe "iSicwangciso sokuSebenza soTshintsho lweKhabhoni esezantsi kunye noKwakhiwa kwamandla amalahle (2024-2027)", esicebise ukuba emva kotshintsho nokwakhiwa, iiyunithi zamandla amalahle kufuneka zibe nakho ukuxuba ngaphezulu kwe-10% ye-ammonia eluhlaza kunye nokutshisa amalahle. Amanqanaba okusetyenziswa kunye nokukhutshwa kwekhabhoni ancitshiswa kakhulu. Kuyabonakala ukuba ukuxuba i-ammonia okanye i-ammonia ecocekileyo kwiiyunithi zamandla obushushu yindlela ebalulekileyo yobuchwepheshe yokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni kwintsimi yokuvelisa amandla.

IJapan lilizwe eliphambili ekukhuthazeni ukuveliswa kwamandla okutsha axutywe ne-ammonia. IJapan yaqulunqa i-“2021-2050 Japan Ammonia Fuel Roadmap” ngo-2021, kwaye iza kugqiba ukubonakaliswa nokuqinisekiswa kwe-20% ye-ammonia fuel exutywe kwizityalo zamandla obushushu ngo-2025; njengoko ubuchwepheshe be-ammonia blended bukhula, eli nani liya kwanda liye ngaphezulu kwe-50%; malunga no-2040, kuya kwakhiwa isikhululo samandla se-ammonia esicocekileyo.

3. Umthwali wokugcina i-hydrogen

I-Ammonia isetyenziswa njengesithwali sokugcina i-hydrogen, kwaye kufuneka idlule kwiinkqubo zokwenziwa kwe-ammonia, ulwelo, ukuthuthwa, kunye nokuphinda kukhutshwe i-hydrogen yegesi. Yonke inkqubo yokuguqulwa kwe-ammonia-hydrogen sele ivuthiwe.

Okwangoku, kukho iindlela ezintandathu eziphambili zokugcina nokuthutha i-hydrogen: ukugcinwa nokuthutha kwesilinda enoxinzelelo oluphezulu, ukuthutha ngegesi ephuma kwipayipi, ukugcinwa nokuthutha i-hydrogen yolwelo oluphantsi kobushushu, ukugcinwa nokuthutha i-organic yolwelo, ukugcinwa nokuthutha i-ammonia yolwelo, kunye nokugcinwa nokuthutha i-hydrogen eqinileyo yesinyithi. Phakathi kwazo, ukugcinwa nokuthutha i-ammonia yolwelo kukukhupha i-hydrogen ngokusebenzisa i-ammonia synthesis, ulwelo, uthutho, kunye nokuvuselela igesi. I-Ammonia inyibilikiswa kwi--33°C okanye i-1MPa. Ixabiso le-hydrogenation/dehydrogenation libalelwa ngaphezulu kwe-85%. Ayinangxaki kumgama wokuthutha kwaye ifanelekile ukugcinwa nokuthutha i-hydrogen eninzi kumgama ophakathi node, ingakumbi ukuthutha olwandle. Yenye yezona ndlela zithembisayo zokugcina nokuthutha i-hydrogen kwixesha elizayo.

4. Izinto zekhemikhali zokwenza imveliso

Njengesichumiso senitrogen eluhlaza esinokubakho kunye nezinto eziphambili zokwenza iikhemikhali eziluhlaza, uluhlazai-ammoniaiza kukhuthaza ngamandla uphuhliso olukhawulezileyo lwe-"ammonia eluhlaza + isichumiso esiluhlaza" kunye ne-"ammonia chemical chemical" yemizi-mveliso.

Xa kuthelekiswa ne-ammonia yokwenziwa eyenziwe ngamandla e-fossil, kulindeleke ukuba i-ammonia eluhlaza ingakwazi ukwenza ukhuphiswano olusebenzayo njengezinto ezikrwada zekhemikhali ngaphambi kowama-2035.